James Douglas Elliott (October 7, 1859 – January 30, 1933) was a United States federal judge.
Born in Mount Sterling, Illinois, Elliott read law to enter the bar in 1884. He was in private practice in Tyndall, South Dakota from 1884 to 1910. He was a State's attorney of Bon Homme County, South Dakota from 1887 to 1891. He was a U.S. Attorney for the District of South Dakota from 1897 to 1907. He was a Counsel, C.M. & St. P. Railroad, Aberdeen, South Dakota from 1910 to 1911.
Elliott was a federal judge on the United States District Court for the District of South Dakota. Elliott was nominated by President William H. Taft on May 25, 1911, to a seat vacated by John E. Carland. He was confirmed by the United States Senate on June 7, 1911, and received his commission the same day. Elliott served in that capacity until January 30, 1933, due to his death.